Noninvasive electrical stimulation of oropharyngeal muscles in obstructive sleep apnea.

Introduction: Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy remains the standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnea. However, its proven effect is useless if the patient does not tolerate the treatment. The electrical stimulation approach has been investigated for several decades now and it seems that the implantable devices for invasive electrical stimulation of hypoglossal nerve are viewed as effective with some of them already approved for human use.Areas covered: in this review, we intent to summarize the existing records of noninvasive stimulation in sleep apnea to make the scientific community aware of the details before deciding on its future. We believe that this is a battle still to fight and more could be done bearing in mind the safety of this method.Expertopinion: noninvasive electrical stimulation has been left behind based on few, small and inconsistent studies using different stimulation parameters. These studies are difficult to compare and to draw conclusions.Electrical stimulation is a field for research in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea, with many aspects still to be discovered, and which may become a therapeutic alternative to the use of CPAP in certain patients.

Evaluación clínica frente a escalas estandarizadas para el pronóstico de los pacientes con tromboembolia pulmonar aguda sintomática / Clinical gestalt versus prognostic scores for prognostication of patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism

Fundamento y objetivos: Determinar la utilidad de la estratificación pronóstica empírica para identificar a pacientes con tromboembolia de pulmón (TEP) aguda sintomática y bajo riesgo de complicaciones precoces. Pacientes y métodos: Este estudio incluyó a un total de 154 pacientes consecutivos diagnosticados de TEP aguda sintomática en un hospital universitario terciario. Comparamos la capacidad pronóstica de la escala clínica Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI), la escala PESI simplificada (PESIs) y la evaluación empírica de: 1) 2médicos adjuntos (uno con y otro sin experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con TEP); 2) un residente de cuarto año de Neumología; 3) un residente de tercer año de Neumología, y 4) un residente de segundo año de Neumología. El evento primario de mal pronóstico fue la mortalidad por todas las causas durante el primer mes después del diagnóstico de la TEP. Resultados: Durante los primeros 30 días después del diagnóstico de la TEP se produjo el fallecimiento de 13 pacientes (8,4%; intervalo confianza [IC] del 95%, 4,1-12,8%). Hubo una tendencia (no estadísticamente significativa) a clasificar más pacientes de bajo riesgo mediante la escala PESI o la evaluación empírica que con la escala PESIs (36,4, 31,3 y 28,6%, respectivamente). No se produjo ningún evento en el grupo de pacientes de bajo riesgo según la escala PESIs. Se detectó una mayor eficacia pronóstica de la estratificación empírica conforme mayor fue la experiencia clínica de los evaluadores (84,6 vs. 92,3%; p = 0,049). Conclusiones: La escala PESIs es la herramienta más eficaz para identificar pacientes con TEP aguda sintomática y bajo riesgo de muerte por todas las causas durante el primer mes de seguimiento. La evaluación pronóstica empírica realizada por médicos experimentados no es menos eficaz que la realizada mediante escalas estandarizadas

Background and objective: To determine the accuracy of clinical gestalt to identify patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) at low-risk for short-term complications. Patients and methods: This study included a total of 154 consecutive patients diagnosed with acute symptomatic PE in a tertiary university hospital. We compared the prognostic accuracy of the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI), the simplified PESI (sPESI), and clinical gestalt of 1) 2senior physicians (one with and one without experience in the management of patients with PE), 2) a fourth-year resident of Pneumology, 3) a third-year resident of Pneumology, and 4) a second-year resident of Pneumology. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality during the first month after the diagnosis of PE. Results: Thirty-day all-cause mortality was 8.4% (13/154; 8.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1-12.8%). The PESI and clinical gestalt classified more patients as low-risk, compared to the sPESI (36.4%, 31.3% y 28.6%, respectively). There were no deaths in the sPESI low-risk category (negative predictive value 100%). Prognostic accuracy increased with increasing experience (84.6 vs. 92.3%; P=.049). Conclusions: The sPESI showed the best accuracy at correctly identifying low-risk patients with acute symptomatic PE. Clinical gestalt is not inferior to standardized clinical prediction rules to prognosticate patients with acute PE

Management appropriateness and outcomes of patients with acute pulmonary embolism.

The impact of adherence to published guidelines on the outcomes of patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE) has not been well defined by previous studies.In this prospective cohort study of patients admitted to a respiratory department (n=2096), we evaluated whether patients with PE had better outcomes if they were acutely managed according to international guidelines. Outcomes consisted of all-cause mortality, PE-related mortality, recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) and major bleeding events during the first month of follow-up after diagnosis.Overall, 408 patients (19% (95% CI 18-21%)) did not receive guideline-adherent PE management. Patients receiving non-adherent management were significantly more likely to experience all-cause mortality (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.39 (95% CI 1.57-3.61) or PE-related mortality (adjusted OR 5.02 (95% CI 2.42-10.42); p<0.001) during follow-up. Non-adherent management was also a significant independent predictor of recurrent VTE (OR 2.19 (95% CI 1.11-4.32); p=0.03) and major bleeding (OR 2.65 (95% CI 1.66-4.24); p<0.001). An external validation cohort of 34 380 patients with PE from the RIETE registry confirmed these findings.PE management that does not adhere to guidelines for indications related to anticoagulation, thrombolytics and inferior vena cava filters is associated with worse patient outcomes.

Assessment of coexisting deep vein thrombosis for risk stratification of acute pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: In patients with acute pulmonary embolism (PE), studies have shown an association between coexisting deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and short-term prognosis. It is not known whether complete compression ultrasound testing (CCUS) improves the risk stratification of their disease beyond the recommended prognostic models. METHODS: We included patients with normotensive acute symptomatic PE and prognosticated them with the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) risk model for PE. Subsequently, we determined the prognostic significance of coexisting DVT in patients with various ESC risk categories. The primary endpoint was a complicated course after the diagnosis of PE, defined as death from any cause, haemodynamic collapse, or adjudicated recurrent PE. RESULTS: According to the ESC model, 37% of patients were low-risk, 56% were intermediate-low risk, and 6.7% were intermediate-high risk. CCUS demonstrated coexisting DVT in 375 (44%) patients. Among the 313 patients with low-risk PE, coexisting DVT (46%) did not show a significant increased risk of complicated course (2.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8%-7.0%), compared with those without DVT (0.6%; 95% CI, 0%-3.2%), (P = 0.18). Of the 478 patients with intermediate-low risk PE, a complicated course was 14% and 6.8% for those with and without DVT, respectively (P = 0.01). Of the 57 patients that had intermediate-high risk PE, a complicated course occurred in 17% and 18% for those with and without DVT, respectively (P = 1.0). CONCLUSIONS: In normotensive patients with PE, testing for coexisting DVT might improve risk stratification of patients at intermediate-low risk for short-term complications.

Clinical gestalt versus prognostic scores for prognostication of patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism. / Evaluación clínica frente a escalas estandarizadas para el pronóstico de los pacientes con tromboembolia pulmonar aguda sintomática.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy of clinical gestalt to identify patients with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE) at low-risk for short-term complications. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included a total of 154 consecutive patients diagnosed with acute symptomatic PE in a tertiary university hospital. We compared the prognostic accuracy of the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI), the simplified PESI (sPESI), and clinical gestalt of 1) 2senior physicians (one with and one without experience in the management of patients with PE), 2) a fourth-year resident of Pneumology, 3) a third-year resident of Pneumology, and 4) a second-year resident of Pneumology. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality during the first month after the diagnosis of PE. RESULTS: Thirty-day all-cause mortality was 8.4% (13/154; 8.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1-12.8%). The PESI and clinical gestalt classified more patients as low-risk, compared to the sPESI (36.4%, 31.3% y 28.6%, respectively). There were no deaths in the sPESI low-risk category (negative predictive value 100%). Prognostic accuracy increased with increasing experience (84.6 vs. 92.3%; P=.049). CONCLUSIONS: The sPESI showed the best accuracy at correctly identifying low-risk patients with acute symptomatic PE. Clinical gestalt is not inferior to standardized clinical prediction rules to prognosticate patients with acute PE.

Sex differences in the characteristics and short-term prognosis of patients presenting with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism.

BACKGROUND: We sought to examine sex-related differences in the characteristics and outcome in patients presenting with acute symptomatic pulmonary embolism (PE). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 2,096 patients diagnosed with acute PE. The characteristics were recorded at presentation. Treatment was at the discretion of patients' physicians. The primary study outcome, all-cause mortality, and the secondary outcomes of PE-specific mortality, recurrent venous thromboembolism, and major bleeding were assessed during the first month of follow-up after PE diagnosis. RESULTS: Overall, the women were older than the men and had significantly higher rates of immobilization. They had significantly lower rates of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cancer. Women had a higher prevalence of syncope and elevated brain natriuretic peptide levels. Thirty-day all-cause mortality was similar between women and men (7.1% versus 6.2%; P = 0.38). Male gender was not independently significantly associated with PE-related death (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.02; 95% CI, 0.50 to 2.07; P = 0.96). Restricting the analyses to haemodynamically stable patients (n = 2,021), female gender was an independent predictor of all-cause (adjusted OR 1.56; 95% CI, 1.07 to 2.28; P = 0.02) and PE-specific mortality (adjusted OR 1.85; 95% CI, 1.02 to 3.33; P = 0.04). Compared with men, women were 2.05 times more likely to experience a major bleed. CONCLUSIONS: Women and men with PE had different clinical characteristics, presentation, and outcomes. Women receiving anticoagulation have a significantly higher risk of major bleeding, suggesting the need for careful monitoring of anticoagulant intensity in women.